2Mac.1
[1] The Jewish brethren in Jerusalem and those in the land of Judea,
To their Jewish brethren in Egypt, Greeting, and good peace.
[2] May God do good to you, and may he remember his covenant with
Abraham and Isaac and Jacob, his faithful servants.
[3] May he give you all a heart to worship him and to do his will
with a strong heart and a willing spirit.
[4] May he open your heart to his law and his commandments, and
may he bring peace.
[5] May he hear your prayers and be reconciled to you, and may
he not forsake you in time of evil.
[6] We are now praying for you here.
[7] In the reign of Demetrius, in the one hundred and sixty-ninth
year, we Jews wrote to you, in the critical distress which came
upon us in those years after Jason and his company revolted from
the holy land and the kingdom
[8] and burned the gate and shed innocent blood. We besought the
Lord and we were heard, and we offered sacrifice and cereal offering,
and we lighted the lamps and we set out the loaves.
[9] And now see that you keep the feast of booths in the month
of Chislev, in the one hundred and eighty-eighth year.
[10] Those in Jerusalem and those in Judea and the senate and Judas,
To Aristobulus, who is of the family of the anointed priests, teacher
of Ptolemy the king, and to the Jews in Egypt, Greeting, and good
health.
[11] Having been saved by God out of grave dangers we thank him
greatly for taking our side against the king.
[12] For he drove out those who fought against the holy city.
[13] For when the leader reached Persia with a force that seemed
irresistible, they were cut to pieces in the temple of Nanea by
a deception employed by the priests of Nanea.
[14] For under pretext of intending to marry her, Antiochus came
to the place together with his friends, to secure most of its treasures
as a dowry.
[15] When the priests of the temple of Nanea had set out the treasures
and Antiochus had come with a few men inside the wall of the sacred
precinct, they closed the temple as soon as he entered it.
[16] Opening the secret door in the ceiling, they threw stones
and struck down the leader and his men, and dismembered them and
cut off their heads and threw them to the people outside.
[17] Blessed in every way be our God, who has brought judgment
upon those who have behaved impiously.
[18] Since on the twenty-fifth day of Chislev we shall celebrate
the purification of the temple, we thought it necessary to notify
you, in order that you also may celebrate the feast of booths and
the feast of the fire given when Nehemiah, who built the temple
and the altar, offered sacrifices.
[19] For when our fathers were being led captive to Persia, the
pious priests of that time took some of the fire of the altar and
secretly hid it in the hollow of a dry cistern, where they took
such precautions that the place was unknown to any one.
[20] But after many years had passed, when it pleased God, Nehemiah,
having been commissioned by the king of Persia, sent the descendants
of the priests who had hidden the fire to get it. And when they
reported to us that they had not found fire but thick liquid, he
ordered them to dip it out and bring it.
[21] And when the materials for the sacrifices were presented,
Nehemiah ordered the priests to sprinkle the liquid on the wood
and what was laid upon it.
[22] When this was done and some time had passed and the sun, which
had been clouded over, shone out, a great fire blazed up, so that
all marveled.
[23] And while the sacrifice was being consumed, the priests offered
prayer -- the priests and every one. Jonathan led, and the rest
responded, as did Nehemiah.
[24] The prayer was to this effect:
"
O Lord, Lord God, Creator of all things, who art awe-inspiring
and strong and just and merciful, who alone art King and art kind,
[25] who alone art bountiful, who alone art just and almighty and
eternal, who dost rescue Israel from every evil, who didst choose
the fathers and consecrate them,
[26] accept this sacrifice on behalf of all thy people Israel and
preserve thy portion and make it holy.
[27] Gather together our scattered people, set free those who are
slaves among the Gentiles, look upon those who are rejected and
despised, and let the Gentiles know that thou art our God.
[28] Afflict those who oppress and are insolent with pride.
[29] Plant thy people in thy holy place, as Moses said."
[30] Then the priests sang the hymns.
[31] And when the materials of the sacrifice were consumed, Nehemiah
ordered that the liquid that was left should be poured upon large
stones.
[32] When this was done, a flame blazed up; but when the light
from the altar shone back, it went out.
[33] When this matter became known, and it was reported to the
king of the Persians that, in the place where the exiled priests
had hidden the fire, the liquid had appeared with which Nehemiah
and his associates had burned the materials of the sacrifice,
[34] the king investigated the matter, and enclosed the place and
made it sacred.
[35] And with those persons whom the king favored he exchanged
many excellent gifts.
[36] Nehemiah and his associates called this "nephthar," which
means purification, but by most people it is called naphtha.
2Mac.2
[1] One finds in the records that Jeremiah the prophet ordered
those who were being deported to take some of the fire, as has
been told,
[2] and that the prophet after giving them the law instructed those
who were being deported not to forget the commandments of the Lord,
nor to be led astray in their thoughts upon seeing the gold and
silver statues and their adornment.
[3] And with other similar words he exhorted them that the law
should not depart from their hearts.
[4] It was also in the writing that the prophet, having received
an oracle, ordered that the tent and the ark should follow with
him, and that he went out to the mountain where Moses had gone
up and had seen the inheritance of God.
[5] And Jeremiah came and found a cave, and he brought there the
tent and the ark and the altar of incense, and he sealed up the
entrance.
[6] Some of those who followed him came up to mark the way, but
could not find it.
[7] When Jeremiah learned of it, he rebuked them and declared: "The
place shall be unknown until God gathers his people together again
and shows his mercy.
[8] And then the Lord will disclose these things, and the glory
of the Lord and the cloud will appear, as they were shown in the
case of Moses, and as Solomon asked that the place should be specially
consecrated."
[9] It was also made clear that being possessed of wisdom Solomon
offered sacrifice for the dedication and completion of the temple.
[10] Just as Moses prayed to the Lord, and fire came down from
heaven and devoured the sacrifices, so also Solomon prayed, and
the fire came down and consumed the whole burnt offerings.
[11] And Moses said, "They were consumed because the sin offering
had not been eaten."
[12] Likewise Solomon also kept the eight days.
[13] The same things are reported in the records and in the memoirs
of Nehemiah, and also that he founded a library and collected the
books about the kings and prophets, and the writings of David,
and letters of kings about votive offerings.
[14] In the same way Judas also collected all the books that had
been lost on account of the war which had come upon us, and they
are in our possession.
[15] So if you have need of them, send people to get them for you.
[16] Since, therefore, we are about to celebrate the purification,
we write to you. Will you therefore please keep the days?
[17] It is God who has saved all his people, and has returned the
inheritance to all, and the kingship and priesthood and consecration,
[18] as he promised through the law. For we have hope in God that
he will soon have mercy upon us and will gather us from everywhere
under heaven into his holy place, for he has rescued us from great
evils and has purified the place.
[19] The story of Judas Maccabeus and his brothers, and the purification
of the great temple, and the dedication of the altar,
[20] and further the wars against Antiochus Epiphanes and his son
Eupator,
[21] and the appearances which came from heaven to those who strove
zealously on behalf of Judaism, so that though few in number they
seized the whole land and pursued the barbarian hordes,
[22] and recovered the temple famous throughout the world and freed
the city and restored the laws that were about to be abolished,
while the Lord with great kindness became gracious to them --
[23] all this, which has been set forth by Jason of Cyrene in five
volumes, we shall attempt to condense into a single book.
[24] For considering the flood of numbers involved and the difficulty
there is for those who wish to enter upon the narratives of history
because of the mass of material,
[25] we have aimed to please those who wish to read, to make it
easy for those who are inclined to memorize, and to profit all
readers.
[26] For us who have undertaken the toil of abbreviating, it is
no light matter but calls for sweat and loss of sleep,
[27] just as it is not easy for one who prepares a banquet and
seeks the benefit of others. However, to secure the gratitude of
many we will gladly endure the uncomfortable toil,
[28] leaving the responsibility for exact details to the compiler,
while devoting our effort to arriving at the outlines of the condensation.
[29] For as the master builder of a new house must be concerned
with the whole construction, while the one who undertakes its painting
and decoration has to consider only what is suitable for its adornment,
such in my judgment is the case with us.
[30] It is the duty of the original historian to occupy the ground
and to discuss matters from every side and to take trouble with
details,
[31] but the one who recasts the narrative should be allowed to
strive for brevity of expression and to forego exhaustive treatment.
[32] At this point therefore let us begin our narrative, adding
only so much to what has already been said; for it is foolish to
lengthen the preface while cutting short the history itself.
2Mac.3
[1] While the holy city was inhabited in unbroken peace and the
laws were very well observed because of the piety of the high priest
Onias and his hatred of wickedness,
[2] it came about that the kings themselves honored the place and
glorified the temple with the finest presents,
[3] so that even Seleucus, the king of Asia, defrayed from his
own revenues all the expenses connected with the service of the
sacrifices.
[4] But a man named Simon, of the tribe of Benjamin, who had been
made captain of the temple, had a disagreement with the high priest
about the administration of the city market;
[5] and when he could not prevail over Onias he went to Apollonius
of Tarsus, who at that time was governor of Coelesyria and Phoenicia.
[6] He reported to him that the treasury in Jerusalem was full
of untold sums of money, so that the amount of the funds could
not be reckoned, and that they did not belong to the account of
the sacrifices, but that it was possible for them to fall under
the control of the king.
[7] When Apollonius met the king, he told him of the money about
which he had been informed. The king chose Heliodorus, who was
in charge of his affairs, and sent him with commands to effect
the removal of the aforesaid money.
[8] Heliodorus at once set out on his journey, ostensibly to make
a tour of inspection of the cities of Coelesyria and Phoenicia,
but in fact to carry out the king's purpose.
[9] When he had arrived at Jerusalem and had been kindly welcomed
by the high priest of the city, he told about the disclosure that
had been made and stated why he had come, and he inquired whether
this really was the situation.
[10] The high priest explained that there were some deposits belonging
to widows and orphans,
[11] and also some money of Hyrcanus, son of Tobias, a man of very
prominent position, and that it totaled in all four hundred talents
of silver and two hundred of gold. To such an extent the impious
Simon had misrepresented the facts.
[12] And he said that it was utterly impossible that wrong should
be done to those people who had trusted in the holiness of the
place and in the sanctity and inviolability of the temple which
is honored throughout the whole world.
[13] But Heliodorus, because of the king's commands which he had,
said that this money must in any case be confiscated for the king's
treasury.
[14] So he set a day and went in to direct the inspection of these
funds. There was no little distress throughout the whole city.
[15] The priests prostrated themselves before the altar in their
priestly garments and called toward heaven upon him who had given
the law about deposits, that he should keep them safe for those
who had deposited them.
[16] To see the appearance of the high priest was to be wounded
at heart, for his face and the change in his color disclosed the
anguish of his soul.
[17] For terror and bodily trembling had come over the man, which
plainly showed to those who looked at him the pain lodged in his
heart.
[18] People also hurried out of their houses in crowds to make
a general supplication because the holy place was about to be brought
into contempt.
[19] Women, girded with sackcloth under their breasts, thronged
the streets. Some of the maidens who were kept indoors ran together
to the gates, and some to the walls, while others peered out of
the windows.
[20] And holding up their hands to heaven, they all made entreaty.
[21] There was something pitiable in the prostration of the whole
populace and the anxiety of the high priest in his great anguish.
[22] While they were calling upon the Almighty Lord that he would
keep what had been entrusted safe and secure for those who had
entrusted it,
[23] Heliodorus went on with what had been decided.
[24] But when he arrived at the treasury with his bodyguard, then
and there the Sovereign of spirits and of all authority caused
so great a manifestation that all who had been so bold as to accompany
him were astounded by the power of God, and became faint with terror.
[25] For there appeared to them a magnificently caparisoned horse,
with a rider of frightening mien, and it rushed furiously at Heliodorus
and struck at him with its front hoofs. Its rider was seen to have
armor and weapons of gold.
[26] Two young men also appeared to him, remarkably strong, gloriously
beautiful and splendidly dressed, who stood on each side of him
and scourged him continuously, inflicting many blows on him.
[27] When he suddenly fell to the ground and deep darkness came
over him, his men took him up and put him on a stretcher
[28] and carried him away, this man who had just entered the aforesaid
treasury with a great retinue and all his bodyguard but was now
unable to help himself; and they recognized clearly the sovereign
power of God.
[29] While he lay prostrate, speechless because of the divine intervention
and deprived of any hope of recovery,
[30] they praised the Lord who had acted marvelously for his own
place. And the temple, which a little while before was full of
fear and disturbance, was filled with joy and gladness, now that
the Almighty Lord had appeared.
[31] Quickly some of Heliodorus' friends asked Onias to call upon
the Most High and to grant life to one who was lying quite at his
last breath.
[32] And the high priest, fearing that the king might get the notion
that some foul play had been perpetrated by the Jews with regard
to Heliodorus, offered sacrifice for the man's recovery.
[33] While the high priest was making the offering of atonement,
the same young men appeared again to Heliodorus dressed in the
same clothing, and they stood and said, "Be very grateful
to Onias the high priest, since for his sake the Lord has granted
you your life.
[34] And see that you, who have been scourged by heaven, report
to all men the majestic power of God." Having said this they
vanished.
[35] Then Heliodorus offered sacrifice to the Lord and made very
great vows to the Savior of his life, and having bidden Onias farewell,
he marched off with his forces to the king.
[36] And he bore testimony to all men of the deeds of the supreme
God, which he had seen with his own eyes.
[37] When the king asked Heliodorus what sort of person would be
suitable to send on another mission to Jerusalem, he replied,
[38] "If you have any enemy or plotter against your government,
send him there, for you will get him back thoroughly scourged,
if he escapes at all, for there certainly is about the place some
power of God.
[39] For he who has his dwelling in heaven watches over that place
himself and brings it aid, and he strikes and destroys those who
come to do it injury."
[40] This was the outcome of the episode of Heliodorus and the
protection of the treasury.
2Mac.4
[1] The previously mentioned Simon, who had informed about the
money against his own country, slandered Onias, saying that it
was he who had incited Heliodorus and had been the real cause of
the misfortune.
[2] He dared to designate as a plotter against the government the
man who was the benefactor of the city, the protector of his fellow
countrymen, and a zealot for the laws.
[3] When his hatred progressed to such a degree that even murders
were committed by one of Simon's approved agents,
[4] Onias recognized that the rivalry was serious and that Apollonius,
the son of Menestheus and governor of Coelesyria and Phoenicia,
was intensifying the malice of Simon.
[5] So he betook himself to the king, not accusing his fellow citizens
but having in view the welfare, both public and private, of all
the people.
[6] For he saw that without the king's attention public affairs
could not again reach a peaceful settlement, and that Simon would
not stop his folly.
[7] When Seleucus died and Antiochus who was called Epiphanes succeeded
to the kingdom, Jason the brother of Onias obtained the high priesthood
by corruption,
[8] promising the king at an interview three hundred and sixty
talents of silver and, from another source of revenue, eighty talents.
[9] In addition to this he promised to pay one hundred and fifty
more if permission were given to establish by his authority a gymnasium
and a body of youth for it, and to enrol the men of Jerusalem as
citizens of Antioch.
[10] When the king assented and Jason came to office, he at once
shifted his countrymen over to the Greek way of life.
[11] He set aside the existing royal concessions to the Jews, secured
through John the father of Eupolemus, who went on the mission to
establish friendship and alliance with the Romans; and he destroyed
the lawful ways of living and introduced new customs contrary to
the law.
[12] For with alacrity he founded a gymnasium right under the citadel,
and he induced the noblest of the young men to wear the Greek hat.
[13] There was such an extreme of Hellenization and increase in
the adoption of foreign ways because of the surpassing wickedness
of Jason, who was ungodly and no high priest,
[14] that the priests were no longer intent upon their service
at the altar. Despising the sanctuary and neglecting the sacrifices,
they hastened to take part in the unlawful proceedings in the wrestling
arena after the call to the discus,
[15] disdaining the honors prized by their fathers and putting
the highest value upon Greek forms of prestige.
[16] For this reason heavy disaster overtook them, and those whose
ways of living they admired and wished to imitate completely became
their enemies and punished them.
[17] For it is no light thing to show irreverence to the divine
laws -- a fact which later events will make clear.
[18] When the quadrennial games were being held at Tyre and the
king was present,
[19] the vile Jason sent envoys, chosen as being Antiochian citizens
from Jerusalem, to carry three hundred silver drachmas for the
sacrifice to Hercules. Those who carried the money, however, thought
best not to use it for sacrifice, because that was inappropriate,
but to expend it for another purpose.
[20] So this money was intended by the sender for the sacrifice
to Hercules, but by the decision of its carriers it was applied
to the construction of triremes.
[21] When Apollonius the son of Menestheus was sent to Egypt for
the coronation of Philometor as king, Antiochus learned that Philometor
had become hostile to his government, and he took measures for
his own security. Therefore upon arriving at Joppa he proceeded
to Jerusalem.
[22] He was welcomed magnificently by Jason and the city, and ushered
in with a blaze of torches and with shouts. Then he marched into
Phoenicia.
[23] After a period of three years Jason sent Menelaus, the brother
of the previously mentioned Simon, to carry the money to the king
and to complete the records of essential business.
[24] But he, when presented to the king, extolled him with an air
of authority, and secured the high priesthood for himself, outbidding
Jason by three hundred talents of silver.
[25] After receiving the king's orders he returned, possessing
no qualification for the high priesthood, but having the hot temper
of a cruel tyrant and the rage of a savage wild beast.
[26] So Jason, who after supplanting his own brother was supplanted
by another man, was driven as a fugitive into the land of Ammon.
[27] And Menelaus held the office, but he did not pay regularly
any of the money promised to the king.
[28] When Sostratus the captain of the citadel kept requesting
payment, for the collection of the revenue was his responsibility,
the two of them were summoned by the king on account of this issue.
[29] Menelaus left his own brother Lysimachus as deputy in the
high priesthood, while Sostratus left Crates, the commander of
the Cyprian troops.
[30] While such was the state of affairs, it happened that the
people of Tarsus and of Mallus revolted because their cities had
been given as a present to Antiochis, the king's concubine.
[31] So the king went hastily to settle the trouble, leaving Andronicus,
a man of high rank, to act as his deputy.
[32] But Menelaus, thinking he had obtained a suitable opportunity,
stole some of the gold vessels of the temple and gave them to Andronicus;
other vessels, as it happened, he had sold to Tyre and the neighboring
cities.
[33] When Onias became fully aware of these acts he publicly exposed
them, having first withdrawn to a place of sanctuary at Daphne
near Antioch.
[34] Therefore Menelaus, taking Andronicus aside, urged him to
kill Onias. Andronicus came to Onias, and resorting to treachery
offered him sworn pledges and gave him his right hand, and in spite
of his suspicion persuaded Onias to come out from the place of
sanctuary; then, with no regard for justice, he immediately put
him out of the way.
[35] For this reason not only Jews, but many also of other nations,
were grieved and displeased at the unjust murder of the man.
[36] When the king returned from the region of Cilicia, the Jews
in the city appealed to him with regard to the unreasonable murder
of Onias, and the Greeks shared their hatred of the crime.
[37] Therefore Antiochus was grieved at heart and filled with pity,
and wept because of the moderation and good conduct of the deceased;
[38] and inflamed with anger, he immediately stripped off the purple
robe from Andronicus, tore off his garments, and led him about
the whole city to that very place where he had committed the outrage
against Onias, and there he dispatched the bloodthirsty fellow.
The Lord thus repaid him with the punishment he deserved.
[39] When many acts of sacrilege had been committed in the city
by Lysimachus with the connivance of Menelaus, and when report
of them had spread abroad, the populace gathered against Lysimachus,
because many of the gold vessels had already been stolen.
[40] And since the crowds were becoming aroused and filled with
anger, Lysimachus armed about three thousand men and launched an
unjust attack, under the leadership of a certain Auranus, a man
advanced in years and no less advanced in folly.
[41] But when the Jews became aware of Lysimachus' attack, some
picked up stones, some blocks of wood, and others took handfuls
of the ashes that were lying about, and threw them in wild confusion
at Lysimachus and his men.
[42] As a result, they wounded many of them, and killed some, and
put them all to flight; and the temple robber himself they killed
close by the treasury.
[43] Charges were brought against Menelaus about this incident.
[44] When the king came to Tyre, three men sent by the senate presented
the case before him.
[45] But Menelaus, already as good as beaten, promised a substantial
bribe to Ptolemy son of Dorymenes to win over the king.
[46] Therefore Ptolemy, taking the king aside into a colonnade
as if for refreshment, induced the king to change his mind.
[47] Menelaus, the cause of all the evil, he acquitted of the charges
against him, while he sentenced to death those unfortunate men,
who would have been freed uncondemned if they had pleaded even
before Scythians.
[48] And so those who had spoken for the city and the villages
and the holy vessels quickly suffered the unjust penalty.
[49] Therefore even the Tyrians, showing their hatred of the crime,
provided magnificently for their funeral.
[50] But Menelaus, because of the cupidity of those in power, remained
in office, growing in wickedness, having become the chief plotter
against his fellow citizens.
2Mac.5
[1] About this time Antiochus made his second invasion of Egypt.
[2] And it happened that over all the city, for almost forty days,
there appeared golden-clad horsemen charging through the air, in
companies fully armed with lances and drawn swords --
[3] troops of horsemen drawn up, attacks and counterattacks made
on this side and on that, brandishing of shields, massing of spears,
hurling of missiles, the flash of golden trappings, and armor of
all sorts.
[4] Therefore all men prayed that the apparition might prove to
have been a good omen.
[5] When a false rumor arose that Antiochus was dead, Jason took
no less than a thousand men and suddenly made an assault upon the
city. When the troops upon the wall had been forced back and at
last the city was being taken, Menelaus took refuge in the citadel.
[6] But Jason kept relentlessly slaughtering his fellow citizens,
not realizing that success at the cost of one's kindred is the
greatest misfortune, but imagining that he was setting up trophies
of victory over enemies and not over fellow countrymen.
[7] He did not gain control of the government, however; and in
the end got only disgrace from his conspiracy, and fled again into
the country of the Ammonites.
[8] Finally he met a miserable end. Accused before Aretas the ruler
of the Arabs, fleeing from city to city, pursued by all men, hated
as a rebel against the laws, and abhorred as the executioner of
his country and his fellow citizens, he was cast ashore in Egypt;
[9] and he who had driven many from their own country into exile
died in exile, having embarked to go to the Lacedaemonians in hope
of finding protection because of their kinship.
[10] He who had cast out many to lie unburied had no one to mourn
for him; he had no funeral of any sort and no place in the tomb
of his fathers.
[11] When news of what had happened reached the king, he took it
to mean that Judea was in revolt. So, raging inwardly, he left
Egypt and took the city by storm.
[12] And he commanded his soldiers to cut down relentlessly every
one they met and to slay those who went into the houses.
[13] Then there was killing of young and old, destruction of boys,
women, and children, and slaughter of virgins and infants.
[14] Within the total of three days eighty thousand were destroyed,
forty thousand in hand-to-hand fighting; and as many were sold
into slavery as were slain.
[15] Not content with this, Antiochus dared to enter the most holy
temple in all the world, guided by Menelaus, who had become a traitor
both to the laws and to his country.
[16] He took the holy vessels with his polluted hands, and swept
away with profane hands the votive offerings which other kings
had made to enhance the glory and honor of the place.
[17] Antiochus was elated in spirit, and did not perceive that
the Lord was angered for a little while because of the sins of
those who dwelt in the city, and that therefore he was disregarding
the holy place.
[18] But if it had not happened that they were involved in many
sins, this man would have been scourged and turned back from his
rash act as soon as he came forward, just as Heliodorus was, whom
Seleucus the king sent to inspect the treasury.
[19] But the Lord did not choose the nation for the sake of the
holy place, but the place for the sake of the nation.
[20] Therefore the place itself shared in the misfortunes that
befell the nation and afterward participated in its benefits; and
what was forsaken in the wrath of the Almighty was restored again
in all its glory when the great Lord became reconciled.
[21] So Antiochus carried off eighteen hundred talents from the
temple, and hurried away to Antioch, thinking in his arrogance
that he could sail on the land and walk on the sea, because his
mind was elated.
[22] And he left governors to afflict the people: at Jerusalem,
Philip, by birth a Phrygian and in character more barbarous than
the man who appointed him;
[23] and at Gerizim, Andronicus; and besides these Menelaus, who
lorded it over his fellow citizens worse than the others did. In
his malice toward the Jewish citizens,
[24] Antiochus sent Apollonius, the captain of the Mysians, with
an army of twenty-two thousand, and commanded him to slay all the
grown men and to sell the women and boys as slaves.
[25] When this man arrived in Jerusalem, he pretended to be peaceably
disposed and waited until the holy sabbath day; then, finding the
Jews not at work, he ordered his men to parade under arms.
[26] He put to the sword all those who came out to see them, then
rushed into the city with his armed men and killed great numbers
of people.
[27] But Judas Maccabeus, with about nine others, got away to the
wilderness, and kept himself and his companions alive in the mountains
as wild animals do; they continued to live on what grew wild, so
that they might not share in the defilement.