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Vodun (a.k.a. Vodoun, Voudou, Voodoo, Sevi Lwa) is commonly called
Voodoo by the public. The name is traceable to an African word for
"spirit". Vodun's can be directly traced to the West African
Yoruba people who lived in 18th and 19th century Dahomey. Its roots
may go back 6,000 years in Africa. That country occupied parts of
today's Togo, Benin and Nigeria. Slaves brought their religion with
them when they were forcibly shipped to Haiti and other islands
in the West Indies.
Vodun was actively suppressed during colonial times. "Many Priests were either killed or imprisoned, and their shrines destroyed, because of the threat they posed to Euro-Christian/Muslim dominion. This forced some of the Dahomeans to form Vodou Orders and to create underground societies, in order to continue the veneration of their ancestors, and the worship of their powerful gods." 1 Vodun was again suppressed during the Marxist regime. However, it has been freely practiced in Benin since a democratic government was installed there in 1989. Vodun was formally recognized as Benin's official religion in 1996-FEB. It is also followed by most of the adults in Haiti. It can be found in many of the large cities in North America, particularly in the American South.
Today over 60 million people practice Vodun worldwide. Religions similar to Vodun can be found in South America where they are called Umbanda, Quimbanda or Candomble.
Today, there are two virtually unrelated forms of the religion:
the actual religion, Vodun practiced in Benin, Dominican Republic,
Ghana, Haiti, Togo and various centers in the US - largely where
Haitian refuges have settled.
an evil, imaginary religion, which we will call Voodoo. It has been
created for Hollywood movies, complete with "voodoo dolls",
violence, bizarre rituals, etc. It does not exist in reality, except
in the minds of most non-Voduns.
History of Vodun in the West
Slaves were baptized into the Roman Catholic Church upon their arrival
in Haiti and other West Indian islands. However, there was little
Christian infrastructure present during the early 19th century to
maintain the faith. The result was that the slaves largely followed
their original native faith. This they practiced in secret, even
while attending Mass regularly.
An inaccurate and sensational book (S. St. John, "Haiti or the Black Republic") was written in 1884. It described Vodun as a profoundly evil religion, and included lurid descriptions of human sacrifice, cannibalism, etc., some of which had been extracted from Vodun priests by torture. This book caught the imagination of people outside the West Indies, and was responsible for much of the misunderstanding and fear that is present today. Hollywood found this a rich source for Voodoo screen plays. Horror movies began in the 1930's and continue today to misrepresent Vodun. It is only since the late 1950's that accurate studies by anthropologists have been published.
Other religions (Macumba, Candomble, Umbanda and Santeria) bear
many similarities to Vodun.
Vodun Beliefs
Vodun, like Christianity, is a religion of many traditions. Each
group follows a different spiritual path and worships a slightly
different pantheon of spirits, called Loa. The word means "mystery"
in the Yoruba language.
Yoruba traditional belief included a chief God Olorun, who is remote and unknowable. He authorized a lesser God Obatala to create the earth and all life forms. A battle between the two Gods led to Obatala's temporary banishment.
There are hundreds of minor spirits. Those which originated from Dahomey are called Rada; those who were added later are often deceased leaders in the new world and are called Petro. Some of these are
Agwe: spirit of the sea
Aida Wedo: rainbow spirit
Ayza: protector
Baka: an evil spirit who takes the form of an animal
Baron Samedi: guardian of the grave
Dambala (or Damballah-wedo): serpent spirit
Erinle: spirit of the forests
Ezili (or Erzulie): female spirit of love
Mawu Lisa: spirit of creation
Ogou Balanjo: spirit of healing
Ogun (or Ogu Bodagris): spirit of war
Osun: spirit of healing streams
Sango (or Shango): spirit of storms
Yemanja: female spirit of waters
Zaka (or Oko): spirit of agriculture
There are a number of points of similarity between Roman Catholicism and Vodun:
Both believe in a supreme being.
The Loa resemble Christian Saints, in that they were once people
who led exceptional lives, and are usually given a single responsibility
or special attribute.
Both believe in an afterlife.
Both have, as the centerpiece of some of their ceremonies, a ritual
sacrifice and consumption of flesh and blood.
Both believe in the existence of invisible evil spirits or demons.
Followers of Vodun believe that each person has a met tet (master
of the head) which corresponds to a Christian's patron saint.
Followers of Vodun believe that each person has a soul which is
composed of two parts: a gros bon ange or "big guardian angel",
and a ti bon ange or "little guardian angel". The latter
leaves the body during sleep and when the person is possessed by
a Loa during a ritual. There is a concern that the ti bon ange can
be damaged or captured by evil sorcery while it is free of the body.
Vodun Rituals
The purpose of rituals is to make contact with a spirit, to gain
their favor by offering them animal sacrifices and gifts, to obtain
help in the form of more abundant food, higher standard of living,
and improved health. Human and Loa depend upon each other; humans
provide food and other materials; the Loa provide health, protection
from evil spirits and good fortune. Rituals are held to celebrate
lucky events, to attempt to escape a run of bad fortune, to celebrate
a seasonal day of celebration associated with a Loa, for healing,
at birth, marriage and death.
Vodun priests can be male (houngan or hungan), or female (mambo). A Vodun temple is called a hounfour (or humfort). At its center is a poteau-mitan a pole where the God and spirits communicate with the people. An altar will be elaborately decorated with candles, pictures of Christian saints, symbolic items related to the Loa, etc. Rituals consist of some of the following components:
a feast before the main ceremony
creation of a veve, a pattern of flour or cornmeal on the floor
which is unique to the Loa for whom the ritual is to be conducted
shaking a rattle and beating drums which have been cleansed and
purified
chanting
dancing by the houngan and/or mambo and the hounsis (students studying
Vodun). The dancing will typically build in intensity until one
of the dancers (usually a hounsis) becomes possessed by a Loa and
falls. His or her ti bon ange has left their body and the spirit
has taken control. The possessed dancer will behave as the Loa and
is treated with respect and ceremony by the others present.
animal sacrifice; this may be a goat, sheep, chicken, or dog. They
are usually humanely killed by slitting their throat; blood is collected
in a vessel. The possessed dancer may drink some of the blood. The
hunger of the Loa is then believed to be satisfied. The animal is
usually cooked and eaten. Animal sacrifice is a method of consecrating
food for consumption by followers of Vodun, their gods and ancestors.
Evil Sorcery
The houngan and mambos confine their activities to "white"
magic which is used to bring good fortune and healing. However caplatas
(also known as bokors) perform acts of evil sorcery or black magic,
sometimes called "left-handed Vodun". Rarely, a houngan
will engage in such sorcery; a few alternate between white and dark
magic.
One belief unique to Vodun is that a dead person can be revived after having been buried. After resurrection, the zombie has no will of their own, but remains under the control of others. In reality, a zombie is a living person who has never died, but is under the influence of powerful drugs administered by an evil sorcerer. Although most Haitians believe in zombies, few have ever seen one. There are a few recorded instances of persons who have claimed to be zombies.
Sticking pins in "voodoo dolls" was once used as a method
of cursing an individual by some followers of Vodun in New Orleans;
this practice continues occasionally in South America. The practice
became closely associated with Voodoo in the public mind through
the vehicle of horror movies.
Internet Resources
"West African Dahomean Vodoun: Historical background,"
at: http://spiritnetwork.com/mamisii/history1.html
Voodoo Authentica of New Orleans' website at http://www.voodooshop.com
contains information about Voodoo, and provides a free service by
which individuals can Email questions. They sell Louisiana folk
art, including Voodoo dolls, Gris Gris bags, Ju-Ju's, Spells, Potion
Oils, etc. They also provide spiritual work and consultations by
experienced practitioners, and convention & special event planning.
The Vodun Page at http://members.aol.com/racine125/index.html is
a good introduction to Vodun.
A Web page titled "Voodoo: From Medicine to Zombies" has
a description of some Vodun altars, and a mythological dictionary.
See: http://www.nando.net/prof/caribe/voodoo.html for more information
about Vodun.
A Web page titled "Vodun Culture" has a glossary of Vodun
terms, descriptions of songs and dances, and a list of Vodun loa
with their corresponding duties, colors and symbols. See: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Delphi/5319
An unmoderated forum, alt.religion.orisha was started in 1996-FEB
for the discussion of African-based and derived belief systems throughout
the African Diaspora. This includes: Candomble, Fon, Hoodoo, Macumba
Arara, Palo, Santeria, Yoruba Orisha and Voudun. Some of the expected
topics include: recent books, scholarly articles and tapes, ethnography,
information on acquisition and use of herbs in ritual practice,
ritual music, instruments and dance, divination systems, the changing
role of traditional practice in modern times, the law and repression
of ritual practices.
Le Peristyle Haitian Sanctuary has a web site at: www.leperistylehaitiansanctuary.com.
They sponsor the National African Religion Congress (NARC World),
and are located in Philadelphia, PA. They offer spiritual readings,
spiritual baths, messages from the loa, religious retreats, ceremonies,
literature, as well as cultural and social events
A quarterly newsletter for beginners in Santeria/Voodoo/African
Traditions is available from bpantry@tiac.net
Branwen's Pantry, a mail order store specializing in supplies for
Santeria and similar religions is at: http://www.tiac.net/users/bpantry/
"Voodoo" contains many links at: http://shecat.freeservers.com/6c.html
"West African Dahomean Vodoun: The world's oldest nature religion,"
at: http://www.mamiwata.com/
"Vodou," is a web site by Bon Mambo Racine Sans Bout Sa
Te La Daginen. See: http://members.aol.com/racine125/index1.html